What Is Rider s Physical Development - 2362 Words

Introduction Rider is a boy who was born August 31st, 2012. He was 41-42 months old when I observed him. He was 41 inches tall and about 35 pounds when I met with him and his family. He lives with his foster parents, his four older foster siblings ranging from the ages of seven to sixteen, and a disabled foster grandmother. His biological parents both visit him on a weekly schedule that are supervised. His foster family is related to him, as the foster father is his maternal uncle. He attends a preschool 5 days a week in the afternoons and his foster mother runs a licensed in home daycare where she watches 5 other children ranging from the ages of eight months to four years old. His foster mother was the only person who I interviewed, but all of his older siblings helped me administer the ASQ. Physical Development Rider’s physical development is not one that I would worry about if I were is caregivers. According to his ASQ, he scored a 60 out of 60 on his gross motor and a 35 out of 60 (the cutoff is 19.82) on his fine motor. The only problem he showed at all in the ASQ was with the writing and holding onto a writing utensil. In an anecdotal note I made on 3/5/2016, he was happy to draw with his older sister, copying her drawings. But the event didn’t last very long and his attention was elsewhere after that interaction. In another anecdotal note I made on 3/12/2016, Rider was much more interested in the new coloring book I brought with me, but his fine motor skills wereShow MoreRelatedHuman Development: The Stages of Infancy1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe stage of infancy lasts from birth until approximately two years of age (Sigelman Rider, 2010). The physical development from infant to child occurs in a cephalocaudal direction: the head and upper body deve lop prior to the lower body (Sigelman Rider, 2010). Because of the rapid development at this stage children need to get good solid nutrition and need to be watched closely as they are often unable to coordinate their body or understand the dangers of certain situations (e.g., such as whenRead MoreNormative Development3160 Words   |  13 Pagesmeasurements of isolated variables analysed. Theories of development emerged and have continued throughout history, providing organization, and â€Å"a lens through which researchers can interpret and explain any number of specific facts or observations† (Sigelman amp; Rider, 2012, p. 32). In postulating what is seen as ‘normative’ development, these theories provide a model or map from which science and society are largely influenced. Normative development implies an individual will grow, experience and behaveRead MoreInfluence Of Childhood Attachment On Moral Leadership2432 Words   |  10 Pagesand what stages in development they may occur. The fundamental development occurs in three stages. Theses stages are physical, cognitive and psychosocial in which all human life goes through. While these stages inherently create human functions, intelligence and social and other interpersonal traits, it encompasses the positive and negative attributes also from birth to adulthood. First, one must be able to understand the phase of developments, here is a brief overview of the phases: Physical development-Read MorePiagets Theory of Cognitive Development Essays1715 Words   |  7 Pageslifelong interest in how individuals, especially children, use cognitive development to adapt to the world around them. Piaget published his first paper by the age of 10, completed his bachelor’s degree by the age of 18, and at the age of 22 received his PhD from the University of Neuchatel. Piaget spent many years of his life researching the developmental and cognitive knowledge of children. The Theory of Cognitive Development places focus on human intelligence and developmental thinking. â€Å"InfluencedRead MoreAlternative Course Of Action / Interventions1607 Words   |  7 Pageschapter is unable to expand to new disabled individuals living in the area who would like to be a rider athlete. 2. Elect new leadership who are willing to dedicate their time and energy to enabling and empowering people to work together in a productive and goal oriented manner. There is no doubt that a volunteers heart is in the right place especially when they are willing to exert the amount of physical strength needed to push someone in a wheelchair for long distances. On the other hand, perhapsRead MoreWhat Are Jousting? Jousting1609 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is jousting? Jousting is a competition between two horsemen, each wielding a lance with a blunt tip. The main idea is to duplicate a clash of heavy cavalry(armored warriors on horseback), with each opponent aspiring to strike the other adversary with the lance while riding towards him at a high speed, if possible breaking the lance on the enemy’s shield or jousting armor, or unhorsing him. While many tend to affiliate jousting with the idea of chivalric knights and maidens, the sport s trueRead MorePhysical And Cognitive Develo pment Of Children Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesPhysical and Cognitive Development in the Children In the book Child Development An Active Learning Approach, it states that the sequence of motor milestones happen in the same way for most babies around the world. This fact indicates that motor development is strongly controlled by our genes, which dictates the expected sequence of the development (page 193). In researching the physical development of children I learned that there are two forms of motors skills. Fine motors skills which use smallRead MoreThe Strengths and Weaknesses of the Sociocultural Perspective986 Words   |  4 Pagespsychology in a different way. One theory, the sociocultural perspective, is exactly what its name suggests. It’s the idea that the society and groups that an individual belongs to are what influences development, thoughts, and behavior. The sociocultural perspective was pioneered by a Russian psychologist, Lev Vygotsky, in the 1920’s (John-Steiner, 1998). Vygotsky stressed the idea that children learn through what he called gui ded participation (Sigelman, 2009). His theory was that children developRead MoreEssay on Edvard Munch1542 Words   |  7 Pagesartistic periods, challenging the opinion of what should be accepted by the masses. Expressionism is the art of the emotive, the art of tension provoked by consciousness of the forces which surround modern humankind. Challenging the academic traditions of the previous centuries, Edvard Munch impacted the art world as an instrumental leader in the development of modern German expressionism. His painting The Scream has made its mark in questioning the ideals of what is acceptable concerning the historyRead MoreEssay on Sigmund Freud1725 Words   |  7 Pagesan avid cocaine user and a proponent of using it for medical reasons and as a stimulant and painkiller. He wrote several articles commending the virtues of cocaine and the medical benefits. He believed that cocaine could cure almost any mental and physical illness. He also advocated cocaine as a cure f or a morphine addiction. Although, used as an anesthetic, cocaine was beneficial and many people agreed with this point until multiple reports of addictions and overdoses began to pop up. Many scholars

Essay about Jupiter and Semele by Moreau - 1222 Words

Jupiter and Semele by Moreau 19th century French painter Gustave Moreau was an artist highly regarded for his intricate use of images based on myth and legends to create very symbolic and often haunting paintings. Moreau was quoted saying: â€Å"I love my art so much that I shall only be happy when I can practice it for myself alone.† In a time when many artists choose to paint classical mythological subjects as if it were a proper education in Greek and Latin, Moreau was developing his own unusual and personal interpretations using a classical subject matter as his tool for artistic expression. This is very much the case in his painting of Jupiter and Semele (1894-5) in which Moreau explores classical myth in a very personal and†¦show more content†¦A quote such as this gives us and idea of what the artist was trying to create. His elaborate compositions and glowing colors give the painting a dreamlike quality to them. By combining colossal size with contrasting colors and close attention to det ail Moreau is able to create a painting that is a visual journey through Moreau’s vision and interest in the subject matter. Moreau’s often odd visions of antiquity can be very tough to grasp for audiences at times because of there intensity and mystery, when his painting of Orpheus was exhibited at the 1866 Salon Moreau accompanied it with his own explanation to clarify his leap from more traditional methods of depicting the legend. Gustave Moreau is known for taking ancient legends and developing them into more personal and dark versions in a manner much different than typical depictions. In Jupiter and Semele this is achieved by combining intense detail with vivid colors and bizarre shifts in size to create a visual journey for the viewer full of emotion, exploration and creativity. Gustave Moreau is often regarded as a founder of the Symbolist movement, and as inspiration for a radical group of painters called the Fauves. He is known for including many iconographic images in his paintings derived from various sources including important symbolist

Management Theories Free Essays

ABSTRACT Management is the most important part of any organization. No organization can achieve its objectives without proper management. So management is considered the hub of any organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now As society continuously relied on group effort, and as many organized groups have become large, the task of managers has been increasing in importance and complexity. To meet the challenges like competition, efficient and economical uses of sources and maximum output, knowledge of management and theories of management is basic requirement. Henceforth, managerial theory has become crucial in the way managers manage complex organizations. This article will provide the basic information of main management theories and how they have developed. It also addresses the management objectives, functions, goals, and essentiality as well as the requirement skills of a Manger. Relating to my current company – AON Vietnam, member of AON Corporation, the article point out which theory of management fit best with the style of management in AON Corporation, one of biggest insurance brokers worldwide and what a Manager at AON should do. Topic 1 2) CONTENTS I. MAIN MANAGEMENT THEORIES 1. Definition of Management According to Drucker (1974) Management is â€Å"the activity of getting things done with the help of others peoples and resources†. It means that management is a process of accomplishing work with the help of other people. According to Weijrich and Koontz (1993) â€Å"Management is process of planning, leading, or ganizing and controlling people within a group in order to achieve goals. It is also the guidance and control of action required to execute a program. It indicates that there should be definite plan/program for affective management (Shied, 2010). On the basis of these definitions it can be concluded that management is a process that includes strategic planning, setting objectives, managing resources, developing the human and financial assets needed to achieve objectives and measuring results. It also includes recording facts and information for later use upon requirement. 2. Management Theories Contemporary theories of management tend to account for and help interpret the rapidly changing nature of today’s organizational environments. Several important management theories which are broadly classified as follows: 1. The Scientific Management School. 2. The Classical Organizational Theory School. 3. The Behavioural School. 4. The Management Science School. 5. Recent developments in Management Theory comprising works such as Systems Approach, Situational or Contingency theory, Chaos theory, and Team Building approach. This discussion will provide a general description of these management theories, how they have developed and the successes that they achieved. A Timeline Overview of Key Management theories pic] a. The Scientific Management School The first management theory is what is popularly referred to as Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management. Frederick Taylor (1856 – 1915) started the era of modern management. Taylor consistently sought to overthrow management â€Å"by rule of thumb† and replace it with actual timed observations leading to â€Å"the one best† practice. â€Å"Taylori sm† involved breaking down the components of manual tasks in manufacturing environments, timing each movement (‘time and motion’ studies) so that there could be a proven best way to perform each task. Thus employees could be trained to be ‘first class’ within their job. This type of management was particularly relevant to performance drives e. g ‘Action On’ projects. It has to be acknowledged that from an economic standpoint, Taylorism was an extreme success. Application of his methods yielded significant improvements in productivity. For example, improvements such as his shovel work at Bethlehem Works, which reduced the workers needed to shovel from 500 to 140. Henceforth, Taylor proposed four underlying principles of management: First, there is need to develop a ‘science of work’ to replace old rule-of-thumb methods: pay and other rewards linked to achievement of ‘optimum goals’ – measures of work performance and output; failure to achieve these would in contrast result in loss of earnings. – Second, workers to be ‘scientifically’ selected and developed: training each to be ‘first-class’ at some specific task. – Third the ‘science of work’ to be brought together with scientifically selected and trained people to achieve the best results. Finally, work and responsibility to be divided equally between workers and management cooperating together in close interdependence. This was a rigid system where every task became discrete and specialized. However, many critics, both historical and contemporary, have pointed out that Taylor’s theories tend to â€Å"dehumanize† the workers. Therefore, in summary, while the scientific management technique has been employed to increase productivity and efficiency both in private and public services, it has also had the disadvantages of ignoring many of the human aspects of employment. This led to the creation of boring repetitive jobs with the introduction of systems for tight control and the alienation of shop floor employees from their managers. b. Classical Organizational Theory School In this category of management theory are the works of Henri Fayol’s administrative theory and Max Weber’s bureaucratic theory. Administrative Theory Henri Fayol’s administrative theory mainly focuses on the personal duties of management at a much more granular level. Fayol believed that management had five principle roles: †¢ Forecasting and planning. †¢ Organizing. †¢ Commanding Co-ordinating †¢ Controlling. Forecasting and planning was the act of anticipating the future and acting accordingly. Organization was the development of the institution’s resources, both material and human. Commanding was keeping the institution’s actions and processes running. Co-ordination was the alignment and harmonization of the group’s efforts. Finally, control meant that the above activities were performed in accordance with appropriate rules and procedures. Fayol also developed fourteen principles of administration to go along with management’s five primary roles. These principles are: specialization/division of labor, authority with responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interest to the general interest, remuneration of staff, centralization, scalar chain/line of authority, order, equity, stability of tenure, initiative, and esprit de corps. Fayol clearly believed personal effort and team dynamics were part of an â€Å"ideal† organization. Fayol’s five principle roles of management are still actively practiced today. The concept of giving appropriate authority with responsibility is also widely commented on and is well practiced. Unfortunately, his principles of â€Å"unity of command† and â€Å"unity of direction† are consistently violated in â€Å"matrix management†, the structure of choice for many of today’s companies. Bureaucratic Theory Max Weber (1864 – 1924) postulated that western civilization was shifting from â€Å"wertrational† (or value oriented) thinking, affective action (action derived from emotions), and traditional action (action derived from past precedent) to â€Å"zweckational† (or technocratic) thinking. He believed that civilization was changing to seek technically optimal results at the expense of emotional or humanistic content. Through analyses of organizations, Weber identified three basic types of legitimate authority: – Traditional authority: where acceptance of those in authority arose from tradition and custom. – Charismatic authority: where acceptance arises from loyalty to, and confidence in, the personal qualities of the ruler. – Rational-legal authority: where acceptance arises out of the office, or position, of the person in authority as bounded by the rules and procedures of the organization. It is the rational-legal authority form that exists in most organizations today and this is the form to which Weber ascribed the term ‘bureaucracy’. The main features of bureaucracy according to Weber were: †¢ A continuous organization or functions bounded by rules. †¢ That individual functioned within the limits of the specialization of the work, the degree of authority allocated and the rules governing the exercise of authority. †¢ A  hierarchical  structure of offices. †¢ Appointment to offices made on the grounds of technical competence only. †¢ The separation of officials from the ownership of the organization. †¢ The authority was vested in the official positions and not in the personalities that held these posts. Rules, decisions and actions were formulated and recorded in writing. It is not coincidence that Weber’s writings were at a time of the major industrial revolutions and the growth of large complex organizations out of the cottage industries and/or entrepreneurial businesses. c. Behavioural School The key scholar under this category is Elton Mayo. The origin of behavioralism is the human relations movement that was a result of the Hawthorne Works Experiment that started in the early 1920s. Elton Mayo and his associates’ experiments disproved Taylor’s beliefs that science dictated hat the highest productivity was found in ‘the one best way’ and that way could be obtained by controlled experiment. The Hawthorne studies attempted to determine the effects of lighting on worker productivity. When these experiments showed no clear correlation between light level and productivity the experiments then started looking at other factors. These factors that were considered when Mayo was working with a group of women included no rest breaks, no free more hours in the work-day/work-week or fewer hours in the workday/work-week. With each of these changes, productivity went up. When the women were put back to their original hours and conditions, they set a productivity record. These results showed that the group dynamics and social makeup of an organization were an important force either for or against higher productivity. This outcome caused the call for greater participation for the workers, greater trust and openness in the working environment, and a greater attention to teams and groups in the work place. Finally, while Taylor’s impacts were the establishment of the industrial engineering, quality control and personnel departments, the human relations movement’s greatest impact came in what the organization’s leadership and personnel department were doing. The seemingly new concepts of â€Å"group dynamics†, â€Å"teamwork†, and organizational â€Å"social systems†, all stem from Mayo’s work in the mid-1920s. d. Management Science Theories Douglas McGregor (1906-1964) postulated management ideas as contained in â€Å"Theory X† and â€Å"Theory Y†. Using human behaviour research, he noted that the way an organization runs depends on the beliefs of its managers. â€Å"Theory X† gives a negative view of human behaviour and management that he considered to have dominated management theory from Fayol onwards – especially Taylorism. It also assumes that most people are basically immature, need direction and control, and are incapable of taking responsibility. They are viewed as lazy, dislike work and need a mixture of financial inducements and threat of loss of their job to make them work (‘carrot and stick’ mentality). Theory Y†, the opposite of â€Å"Theory X†, argues that people want to fulfil themselves by seeking self-respect, self-development, and self-fulfilment at work as in life in general. The six basic assumptions for ‘Theory Y’ are: work is as natural as play or rest – the average human being does not inherently dislike work, whether work is a source of pleasure or a punishment (to be avoided) depends on nature of the work and its management. Second, effort at work need not depend on threat of punishment – if committed to objectives then self-direction and self-control rather than external controls. Third, commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. Satisfaction of ego and self-actualization needs can be directed towards the objectives of the organization. Fourth, the average human being learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but to seek responsibility. Fifth, high degrees of imagination, ingenuity and creativity are not restricted to a narrow group but are widely distributed in the population. Lastly, under the conditions of modern industrial life, the intellectual potentials of the average human being are being only partly utilized. . Recent Developments in Management Theory Under this category of theory are the Systems Approach, Situational or Contingency theory, Chaos theory, and Team Building theory. The systems theory has had a significant effect on management science and understanding organizations. A system is a collection of part unified to accomplish an overall goal. If one part of the system is removed, the nat ure of the system is changed as well. A system can be looked at as having inputs (e. g. , resources such as raw materials, money, technologies, and people), processes (e. g. planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling), outputs (products or services) and outcomes (e. g. , enhanced quality of life or productivity for customers/clients, productivity). Systems share feedback among each of these four aspects of the system. The Chaos theory is advocated by Tom Peters (1942). Chaos theorists suggest that systems naturally go to more complexity, and as they do so, they become more volatile and must, therefore, expend more energy to maintain that complexity. As they expend more energy, they seek more structure to maintain stability. This trend continues until the system splits, combines with another complex system or falls apart entirely. It will need an effective manager for the latter worst scenario not to happen. Team Building approach or theory emphasizes quality circles, best practices, and continuous improvement. It is a theory that mainly hinges on reliance on teamwork. It also emphasizes flattening of management pyramid, and reducing the levels of hierarchy. Finally, it is all about consensus management – i. e. , involving more people at all levels in decision-making. 3. Management theory applied to AON II. WHAT A MANAGER DOES Managing, like all other practices – whether medicine, music composition, engineering, accountancy, or even baseball – is an art; it is know-how. It is doing things in the light of the realities of a situation. Managers just don’t go out and perform their responsibilities. A good manager should discover how to master 05 basic functions: planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. †¢ Planning:  This step involves mapping out exactly how to achieve a particular goal. For example, that the organization’s goal is to improve company sales. The manager first needs to decide which steps are necessary to accomplish that goal. These steps may include increasing advertising, inventory, and sales staff. These necessary steps are developed into a plan. When the plan is in place, the manager can follow it to accomplish the goal of improving company sales. †¢ Organizing:  After a plan is in place, a manager needs to organize his team and materials according to his plan. Assigning work and granting authority are two important elements of organizing. †¢ Staffing:  After a manager discerns his area’s needs, he may decide to beef up his staffing by recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees. A manager in a large organization often works with the company’s human resources department to accomplish this goal. †¢ Leading:  A manager needs to do more than just plan, organize, and staff her team to achieve a goal. She must also lead. Leading involves motivating, communicating, guiding, and encouraging. It requires the manager to coach, assist, and problem solve with employees. †¢ Controlling:  After the other elements are in place, a manager’s job is not finished. He needs to continuously check results against goals and take any corrective actions necessary to make sure that his area’s plans remain on track. All managers at all levels of every organization perform these functions, but the amount of time a manager spends on each one depends on both the level of management and the specific organization. Roles performed by managers In his classic book,  The Nature of Managerial Work,  Henry Mintzberg describes a set of ten roles that a manager fills. These roles fall into three categories: †¢ Interpersonal:  This role involves human interaction. †¢ Informational:  This role involves the sharing and analyzing of information. †¢ Decisional:  This role involves decision making. The below table  contains a more in-depth look at each category of roles that help managers carry out all five functions described in the preceding â€Å"Functions of Managers† section. Mintzberg’s Set of Ten Roles | | |Category | |Role | |Activity | | |Informational | |Monitor | |Seek and receive information; scan periodicals and reports; maintain personal contact with stakeholders. | | | | | |Disseminator | |Forward information to organization members via memos, reports, and phone calls. | | | | |Spokesperson | |Transmit information to outsiders via reports, memos, and speeches. | | | |Interpersonal | |Figurehead | |Perform ceremonial and symbolic duties, such as greeting visitors and signing legal documents. | | | | |Leader | |Direct and motivate subordinates; counsel and communicate with subordinates. | | | | |Liaison | |Maintain information links both inside and outside organization via mail, phone calls, and meetings. | | |Decisional | |Entrepr eneur | |Initiate improvement projects; identify new ideas and delegate idea responsibility to thers. | | | | | |Disturbance handler | |Take corrective action during disputes or crises; resolve conflicts among subordinates; adapt to environments. | | | | |Resource allocator | |Decide who gets resources; prepare budgets; set schedules and determine priorities. | | | | |Negotiator | |Represent department during negotiations of union contracts, sales, purchases, and budgets. | | | Skills needed by managers Not everyone can be a manager. Certain  skills,  or abilities to translate knowledge into action that results in desired performance, are required to help other employees become more productive. These skills fall under the following categories: Technical:  This skill requires the ability to use a special proficiency or expertise to perform particular tasks. Accountants, engineers, market researchers, and computer scientists, as examples, possess technical skills. Mana gers acquire these skills initially through formal education and then further develop them through training and job experience. Technical skills are most important at lower levels of management. †¢ Human:  This skill demonstrates the ability to work well in cooperation with others. Human skills emerge in the workplace as a spirit of trust, enthusiasm, and genuine involvement in interpersonal relationships. A anager with good human skills has a high degree of self-awareness and a capacity to understand or empathize with the feelings of others. Some managers are naturally born with great human skills, while others improve their skills through classes or experience. No matter how human skills are acquired, they’re critical for all managers because of the highly interpersonal nature of managerial work. †¢ Conceptual:  This skill calls for the ability to think analytically. Analytical skills enable managers to break down problems into smaller parts, to see the relati ons among the parts, and to recognize the implications of any one problem for others. As managers assume ever-higher responsibilities in organizations, they must deal with more ambiguous problems that have long-term consequences. Again, managers may acquire these skills initially through formal education and then further develop them by training and job experience. The higher the management level, the more important conceptual skills become. †¢ Designing skill is the ability to solve problems in ways that will benefit the enterprise. To be effective, particularly at upper organizational levels, managers must be able to do more than see a problem. In addition, they must have the skill of a good design engineer in working out a practical solution to a problem. Managers must also have that valuable skill of being able to design a workable solution to the problem in the light of the realities they face. It has, however, got to be mentioned that the relative importance of these skills may differ at various levels in the organization hierarchy. Although all four categories contain skills essential for managers, their relative importance tends to vary by level of managerial responsibility. How to cite Management Theories, Essay examples

Environmental Engagement - Research Hypothesis & Observations

Question: Short Paper: The Smile Experiment Consider this research question: Can smiling influence environmental engagement? Using APA writing style, address the following: (1)Formulate a testable hypothesis.Write operational definitions to support your research hypothesis and observations (positive, negative, neutral).(2)Determine and describe how you will record your data whattype of data you have extracted from the experiment?(3)Record your observations (positive, negative, neutral).Analyze your data, drawing conclusions about any patterns you noted during your experiment.(4)Report/describe your findings.(5)Write a conclusion supporting or rejecting your hypothesis. Answer: Introduction A smile is an event that is encouraged by the sensory corridors of the human begins. The process is supported by transfer of emotions to the brains and it does last typically from a second to four seconds (Abel and Kruger, 2010). Smiling back at individuals is a phenomenon that is witnessed due to the human nature of mirroring the actions.There have been several studies on psychological behavior of individuals in stressful situations. These studies range from measuring social empathy to social motives based on several patterns such as individual behavior, social interactions, facial expressions, mimicking the group expressions, etc. There also has been significant research on smiling experiments in different content and situations (Frank and Helen, 2008). Psychologist describes this phenomenon Smile as stimulation of the various facial muscles with emotions and memories associated with the past events (Jakobs et al., 1999). (1) Formulation of Hypothesis The Research Hypothesis involved in this study revolves around measuring the social empathy (of smiling back) displayed by randomly selected ten ordinary bus travelers during the rush hour on their way to their respective workplaces. The following are the operational definitions that would support the obtained research hypothesis and observations involved in this smile experiment- Positive Hypothesis- People giving friendly reactions like smiling back, greeting back or showing positive body language, upon the implementation of this experiment, would be termed as Positive hypothesis for this experimentNegative Hypothesis Negative reactions, both verbal and non verbal including negative comments and facial expressions derived from the people upon the implementation of this experiment, would be termed as Negative hypothesis for this experiment.Neutral Hypothesis People not responding at all in any of the above mentioned positive or negative manner, upon the implementation of this experiment, would be termed as neutral hypothesis for this experiment.The study conducted attempts to measure the simple and ordinary etiquette of smiling back at smiling faces, among the working class people, when they are in a bit hurry to rush to their offices during the peak morning hours. (2) Methodology adapted for the study The study involved primary observation of the randomly selected ten office going bus commuters who were in the age group of twenty to forty years. A crowded bus stop located at a city center was selected for conducting this experiment. The participants to this experiment were first identified by me from a distance at the bus stop and their gender and approximate ages were being noted. Any specific appearance or traits displayed from the body language of these commuters were also noted. The template for data recording was already kept ready before starting with the experiment. It appeared in the following manner: Participant No. Gender Approximate Age Body Language Description of his/her reaction Hypothesis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. The smile experiment was conducted by briefly smiling at each and every participant for two seconds and by giving eye contact to every participant. This was possible as the experimenter (myself) managed to take a position right in front of the queue of commuter who were about to board a bus. (2) The Data Extracted from the Experiment There was a single independent variable involved in the study that was waiting in a queue of commuters for the bus. The variety of facial expressions and verbal and non-verbal reactions following the experimenters smile were all dependent variables involved in this smile experiment. The following is the data extracted and noted in this short experiment: Participant No. Gender Approximate Age Body Language Description of his/her reaction Hypothesis 1. Male 25 years Impatient to board the bus started half a second and boarded his bus Neutral 2. Male 30 years Was in good mood Confused facial expression and was stubborn Neutral 3. Female 35 years Hefty Woman Busy talking on Cell phone Smiled and Greeted a warm hello with hand shake Positive 4. Male 20 years Was in great hurry Smiled and waved hi Positive 5. Female 20 years Was relaxed and chitchatting Avoided Eye contact and blank expressions Neutral 6. Female 25 years Was relaxed and chitchatting Avoided Eye contact and blank expressions Neutral 7. Male 40 years Was looking dull and tired Gave feeble Smile positive 8. Male 40 years Was busy texting Gave Broad Smile and boarded Positive 9. Male 30 years Had Nervous looks Gave rude and angry expressions Negative 10. Male 40 years Was Cheerful Gave a Brief Reflex smile Positive This raw data extracted is further analyzed, discussed and presented in the observations and analysis section of this short paper. (3) Observations and Analysis The following are some of the prominent observations at the Bus Stop while conducting the Smile experiment with the Strangers, who were regularly travelling to their respective offices using bus Transport:1. Three of the commuters standing in a queue and about to board their Office Bus, smiled back as a reflex action.This reflex action of Smiling back was observed to be very much natural by the three out of the ten commuters. These commuters seemed to be in genuine good mood and were looking forward to reach their workplace.2. Two of the Commuters smiled back thinking that I was an old acquaintance that they might have forgotten my appearance and name.The broad smile on the face of these commuters made it clear that it was not just a casual expression of smiling back, but this was a broad smile given to a known person. One of these individuals also waved a hi from a distance and quickly boarded his bus.3. Two of the Commuters standing in the Bus queue, avoided eye contact at me while I was smiling at them.Two of the commuters, belonging to the fairer sex, had anticipated that I was going to smile at them as I was smiling at the others at the Bus Stop queue. These two beautiful girls were murmuring something among themselves. And finally both of them with blank expressions on their faces boarded their respective buses and totally avoided eye contact with me, while I kept smiling at them.4. One of the commuters gave rude and angry expression on his face as a response to my genuine smile.This hefty man seemed to be really late for his work and he was constantly checking his watch, and my genuine smile further enraged him. He must have mistaken my natural smile to be a mocking one for his delay to his office.5. One of the other commuters gave confused facial expressions to be as I smiled to him.This commuter seemed to be cooling headed and right in his senses. He was probably reaching early to his office and was not at all frustrated in the morning rush hour. A con fused expression filled his face as I smiled at him. He did to take the efforts to smile back at me, as remained stubborn.6. One of the stranger came forward and greeted me a warm HelloSmiling at strangers at the Bus Stop often was mistaken as an invitation that was unwanted from my side. One of the commuters did step aside from the queue that he was standing, and gave a firm handshake and hello to me as a response to my brief smile. I did not know how to handle this situation and almost fled from the situation. (4) Findings from the Experiment Most of the passengers were in hurry to rush to their workplace, but still each of them reacted very much differently. Some of the Researchers those who earlier experimented with smiles and facial expressions have observed that smiles are resulted when positive emotions are emerged from the sensory organs of the individuals, resulting in to a unique signs of positivism and job, commonly known as smiles (McVeigh, 2014).The following are the key finding/results of this Smile experiment:Positive Hypothesis Five individuals (Strangers) out of ten individuals (Strangers) smiled back at the experimenter. This clearly showed a positive Hypothesis ratio of 5/10 that is 0.5.Negative Hypothesis One of the individuals out of the ten individuals (all strangers to the experimenter) gave hard looks and angry expressions on his face as a response to the smile given by the experimenter. This measures a negative hypothesis of one on ten, which is 0.1Neutral Hypothesis Four out of ten stranger indi viduals at the bus stop did not react to the smile given by the experimenter, to each of these individuals. This measures the neutral hypothesis of 4/10 that is 0.4. (5) Conclusion We may conclude from this experiment that the age factor and physical appearance of these participants to experiments were no were related to the facial or body language reactions that the participants gave as a response to the smile by the experimenter. The factor which played a prominent role in the success or failure of the hypothesis was the state of mind of these individuals. The surroundings for this experiment were chosen to be a bus stop at the rush hour. This made the commuters left with hardly any time and energy to identify the opposite person smiling back at the individuals. Most of these strangers were in hurry to reach their workplace identifying the buses they were supposed to board. This made the positive and neutral reactions exceed in this smile experiment. References Abel E. and Kruger M. (2010). Smile Intensity in Photographs Predicts Longevity, Psychological Science, 21, 542544. Frank C.P. and Helen A. (2008). When Strangers Meet. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science. Vol. 42 (4). pp 370-388. Glanz K, Bishop D. (2010). The role of behavioral science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions. Annual Revenue Public Health 31: 399-418. Jakobs, Esther, Manstead, Antony S.R., Fischer, Agneta H. (1999). Social Motives and Emotional Feelings as Determinants of Facial Displays: The Case of Smiling. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 25, 4 424-435 McVeigh Tracy (2014). Neighbors are asked to smile as part of social experiment in UK communities. The Guardian. Retrieved on January 7th 2014, from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/aug/10/neighbours-asked-smile-experiment-local-communities.

Macbeth Lying Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth: Lying A false statement, or a statement intended to deceive someone is better known as a lie. A lie which tells half the truth is called equivocation. Of course, there are many different types of lies; there are lies which do not tell the truth, equivocation, lies of omission, and those "white" lies which do not hurt anyone. There are also many different reasons for telling a lie. Some might lie to cover the truth, others might lie because it became a habit to them when they a child. But why would someone use equivocation? Someone might use equivocation to allow the recipient to draw their own interpretation of the matter, as a result, causing them to make a hasty decision. To picture the difference between a lie and equivocation, let us use a mask and call it "LIE". A lie would be like covering up your face with that mask, so that no one can see the truth. But equivocation is like putting on only half the mask, to show only half the truth. In the Shakespearean play that we study in grade eleven English titled Macbeth, wicked and evil witches deceive their victim, Macbeth, by equivocating his prophecies. As a result of this new "half-true" knowledge, Macbeth makes rash decisions that lead him to paranoia, grief, and his downfall. The first set of prophecies the witches reveal to Macbeth, in act 1, scene 3, was that Macbeth is to become thane of Glamis, thane of Cawdor and that he shall be king. They also said "Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none." Macbeth was shocked when the first two prophecies came true. In act 1, scene 3 he spoke of his fears, saying "unfix my hair, and make my seated heart knock at my ribs." In Elizabethan times, witches were known as creatures of the devils; satanic creatures who roam the world to cause destruction and chaos. But how can devils speak of great truths? Macbeth's new intelligence was then reported to his wife. He writes about how he will become king. But how was he going to do this? One of Macbeth's rash decisions was to murder the King. Macbeth had invited the King, and the King's men to come over to his castle to celebrate the victory of the battle that had been won. That night, when everyone was asleep, Macbeth took a dagger and killed the King. After the murder he became very paranoid. In act 2 scene 2, he shows us this, "Didst thou not hear a noise? ...There's one did laugh in's sleep, and one cried `murder!', Methought I heard a voice cry `Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep'...I am afraid to think what I have done; look on't again I dare not." Macbeth become king. He then called upon murderers as a result of his paranoia, to execute Banquo, a friend of his that knew about the prophecies. Paranoia had taken over his life so much that his wife was left out of his plans. He had become so paranoid, that his feelings had become numb, shown in act 5, scene 5, "I have almost forgot the taste of fears: The time has been, my senses would have cool'd to hear a night-shriek." Not only did his paranoia cause him grief, but also the unhappiness of his wife, Lady Macbeth who commits suicide in Act 5. Macbeth shows his remorse after he finds out the news, "To-morrow, and to-morrow and to-morrow, creeps in this petty pace from day to day, to this last syllable of recorded time...Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more...signifying nothing". Meanwhile, Macduff, travelled to England to meet Malcolm. There, they planned on joining forces to defeat Macbeth. Macbeth then meet the witches once again, and heard another set of prophecies. These new prophecies told him to beware of Macduff, that no man born of woman will harm him, and that he will not be vanquished until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill. In short time, Malcolm ordered that each of his men cut off from Birnam Wood. Macbeth who has been relying on the assurance of the witches tells his men to leave the castle and attack. Macbeth attacks with desperate courage, Macbeth relied on the assurance that no man born of woman would harm him. Macduff then replies that he was "from his mother's womb untimely ripped,". Macbeth then realizes that he was lied

How to Remove Rust Stains

How to Remove Rust Stains Rust stains can be a challenge to remove because the stain consists of tiny iron oxide particles, plus some treatments actually set the stain rather than remove it. Use a little chemistry know-how to successfully remove a rust stain. Materials You Will Need Lemon or lemon juice and table saltOr mild dishwashing soap and ammoniaOr a commercial rust-removal product Instructions for Removing Rust Stains First, do not make the stain worse by applying chlorine bleach as this will react with the rust and may intensify the discoloration.Remove as much of the rust stain as possible before applying a treatment.Follow the instructions on the package if you are using a commercial rust-removal product.Squeeze lemon juice onto the stain so that the spot is thoroughly saturated.Sprinkle salt onto the lemon juice.Allow the salt and juice to react with the stain for 24 hours. Refresh the lemon juice to keep the spot damp.Blot the stain (do not rub, as this may damage the fibers).Rinse the spot with cool water. Repeat the process if needed.Another method is to apply a mixture of 1/4 teaspoon of mild liquid dish soap in 1 cup of warm water. Thoroughly saturate the stain and allow the solution to react for at least five minutes. The surfactants in the detergent will help to lift the rust particles.Blot the stain with a clean white cloth or paper towel and rinse it with cool water.Repeat this proces s until the stain is removed or until no more discoloration is picked up by the cloth. Thoroughly rinse the spot with water to remove all traces of cleaning solution.If the rust stain persists, saturate the stain with a solution of 2 tablespoons of ammonia in 4 cups of warm water.Blot the spot with a white cloth or paper towel.Rinse the spot with cool water.For carpeting or upholstery, layer clean cloths or paper towels over the spot to remove any moisture.

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 31

Personal Statement Example ol that would build my dreams and inspirations with my mind building games capabilities, and my talents to bring out the psych and inspiration in my fellow students (Green and LeKita 2). In my high school years, I relentlessly though, and contemplated the school that would suit my preferences, capabilities to a much higher understanding standard. When I visited the school, I saw that this is exactly the school; I have been looking forward to complete my studies. I like the challenges and the faculty and I hope to fulfill my inspirational dreams (Green and LeKita 22). I like the drive that I see around and I want to be an alumni of it and the school a part of my success. Inspirationally to try and be the unsurpassed as I love challenging people, who are better than me and beat them (Richards, 37). I crave competitive environments that are inspirational, and that is why I chose to work with the board game staff to increase my knowledge and skill. Am engrossed in pursuing my degree in this campus because I love the demand for skill that this campus requires, and I believe that it is in my capabilities to provide such skill (Richards, 37). I am going to educate myself for the whole academic period. I have confidence in being successful in my career of study in this

An investment opportunity from global warming Essay

An investment opportunity from global warming - Essay Example As mentioned beforehand, majority of the Americans and possibly people around the world believe that "global warming" is at our midst. Proof of this is the menagerie of international treaties which seek to encourage clean technologies and reduce carbon emissions, which is considered to be a major mitigation of "global warming". Let us take the Kyoto Protocol as an example. This treaty is the offshoot of the UNFCCC and is the primary international agreement on combating climate change. The United States did not ratify this protocol, which probably fans the guilt that must be felt if we are talking about the American market. Reporting for CNN Money, Chris Taylor also listed a Silicon Valley company by the name of Planktos which was bought by Vancouver's Solar Energy Ltd. for $1.3 million. The company is testing a technology that would dump huge quantities of carbon-eating phytoplankton algae in the ocean and sell the resulting credits to European countries that can't cut their carbon dioxide emissions enough to meet Kyoto targets. Moreover, Sustainability Advantage author Willard cited a 66% increase in profit on average for small and medium-sized companies which adopted environment-minded practices due to better market share among other factors. A business investing in clean technology will be most likely successful due to two important factors. First, the public policies are friendly and governments will most likely offer incentives for the business. Second, and most importantly, there is significant market share out there and the demand is not merely created.

The Legendary Abolitionist And Fictional Lady Essay

The Legendary Abolitionist And Fictional Lady - Essay Example More than eighty years later, Francie Coffin is the protagonist of Daddy was a number runner by Louise Meriwether. Set in the Depression-era ghettos of Harlem in the 1930’s, Francie is a young (12 years old) girl who helps her father in his business, numbers running. Prior to the state lotteries, the gangsters had one going and the runners picked up the bets from the customers. Meanwhile, the novel explores every facet of gritty New York street life. She is trying her best in school and gets brilliant marks but outside of its comfortable environments, she has to deal with such horrible realities as the perverted old men who try to molest her and bullies and street gangs who abuse her. All around Francie is abject poverty and brave and proud but beaten people. Finally, her family is forced to go on relief. In the novel, one sentence is almost a mirror of modern times when Francie’s mother tells her â€Å"Elizabeth's coming back home today with her kids and Robert. Their furniture got put out on the street." Elizabeth was her sister. Yet she and Douglass share one thing in common, their fierce determination that no matter what their circumstances, their lives would eventually be much better. For example, Douglass made a New Year’s Resolution in 1836 that he would be a free man that year. It actually took another two years but the point is his vow came true for him due to his willpower. As he said, â€Å"I could see no reason why I should, at the end of each week, pour the reward of my toil into the purse of my master†.... Prior to the state lotteries, the gangsters had one going and the runners picked up the bets from the customers. Meanwhile the novel explores every facet of gritty New York street life. She is trying her best in school and gets brilliant marks but outside of its comfortable environments, she has to deal with such horrible realities as the perverted old men who try to molest her and bullies and street gangs who abuse her. All around Francie is abject poverty and brave and proud but beaten people. Finally, her family is forced to go on relief (welfare). In the novel one sentence is almost a mirror of modern times when Francie’s mother tells her â€Å"Elizabeth's coming back home today with her kids and Robert. Their furniture got put out in the street." Elizabeth was her sister (Meriwether). Yet she and Douglass share one thing in common, their fierce determination that no matter what their circumstances, their lives would eventually be much better. For example, Douglass made a New Year’s Resolution in 1836 that he would be a free man that year. It actually took another two years but the point is his vow came true for him due to his willpower. As he said, â€Å"I could see no reason why I should, at the end of each week, pour the reward of my toil into the purse of my master† (Douglass II). Likewise, Francie Coffin makes a vow to never pickled herring again, for evidently that was one of the staples of relief handouts. Whether she made good on her promise was never revealed, for the novel ended only a year later with her father departing. WORKS CITED Douglass, Frederick, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, An American Slave†, Web, November 27, 2012.

Music industry and effect of digital world

Music industry and effect of digital world The marketing department of a record label plays a large part in portraying an artists image to its fan base and the music industry. Once an artist has produced their music and is ready to be made public, it is up to the marketing department to make sure that it is made available in all media formats. This is done solely through a range of distribution and promotion campaigns. This case will look at the current situation of the music industry and analyse the effect the new technologies and the digital world are having on record labels and artists. Firstly by looking at a micro and macro environmental view point using various analysis models a better understanding can be made of the music industry in its current state. Once establishing the fundamentals areas by which record labels can advance objectives will be set and followed by promoting and distributing an up and coming artist to her target audience. This record label is called Mystical Records and currently manages one, up and coming artists called Thallie. Thallie is originally from Mauritius, however is now based in the UK and is looking for her big break. Back at home in Mauritius she has be compared with the likes of Shakira and Whitney Houston due to her singing style. Thallie is an urban artist, producing songs in a range of genres from RB to Dancehall. She has made a name for her self back in Mauritius, and now feels that is time to tackle the international markets in particular to the UK and US music markets. 2.0 Analysis The music industry will be analysed through both a macro and micro environmental aspect. The macro environment will be analysed using a PEST analysis, therefore determining all external factors of the music industry. Examining legal factors concerning illegal downloaders which are affecting record label sales, and to establish any government action taken to tackle this problem. Economic factors will be analysed in terms of income and revenue of artists and record labels. The most important element being the technological factors which are also heavily influencing social factors within the music industry, through recent developments in social and mobile networks. Secondly by looking at the micro environment using Porters (1979) five forces model a better understanding of the industries levels profitability. This model shows how customers, competitors, suppliers, distributors and dealers are all affected with the recent changes in the music industry. A major factor towards recent changes of power and relationships has been due to advances in technology over recent years. The internet has affected many industries, however with the surge in social networks and peer-to-peer (P2P) sharing systems the market share of major record labels has been hit hard. 2.1 PEST Analysis 2.1.1 Political / Legal Factors Major record labels are being turned against obtaining information on customer communications from telecom companies by European American Parliaments. This is due to the greater risk of terrorism occurring. (Appendix 2). This information could be also be used to gain access to private information by the music industry. (Appendix 2). Many cases have been held against illegal downloaders by the music industry. (Now over 150 cases in the UK, according to the British Phonographic Industry.) (Appendix 2). A large majority of illegal downloaders obtain music through peer-to-peer (P2P) sharing software; therefore by taking legal action against P2P operators, there can be a step forward in tackling a large number of illegal downloaders. (Appendix 3). Kazaa (large P2P sharing software company) paid $115 million to record labels in compensation due to a case by the Australian Federal Court. (This has been the largest case of its kind.) (Appendix 3). Similar cases have taken place under courts of law in Denmark, Netherlands, Russia, Taiwan. (Appendix 3). By signing agreements with record labels to become legal, P2P sharing software operators can escape being prosecuted. (Appendix 3). As technology evolves so does the level of crime. For example the evolution of digital radio stations (Digital Audio Broadcasters (DAB)) has lead to the evolution of DAB ripping. (Appendix 3). The likes of Apple are being restricted by having their music offerings only available on iPod players, and therefore believe by having copyright protection removed by record labels, there can be a better turnover for all parties involved. (Appendix 13). The current traditional method of record labels is that they keep the copyrights of artists recordings, which generally leads to the record label being profitable and the artists breaking even. (Appendix 7). A new possible method of keeping the music industry profitable may be by legalising file sharing and giving artists / bands control over their own music. (Therefore working with a collapsed copyright system.) (Appendix 7). 2.1.2 Economic Factors There are more methods of opportunities for artists / bands to both increase revenue and exposure, through CDs, digital downloads ringtones, concerts, TV shows, and video games. (Appendix 7). Concert ticket sales have increased immensely over recent years and have become major events in an artists / bands diary. (Appendix 7). A recent revision by the American President of the tax code has made it easier for intellectual property to be sold in the US, which therefore means that another possible method of development for the music industry can be through making artists / bands their own public company. As profits are taxed with low rates and intellectual property being fully accessible, their can be the possibility of artists / bands being invested in via the stock market. (Appendix 7). Due to the slow take up by the music industry of the digital world, there were slumps in sales by up to 7% in 2002 and 2003, by 2006 this figure had decreased to 4% and the music industry was showing signs of competing in new markets. (Appendix 17). Within a year in 2006 there has been an increase in sale of singles by 78% in the UK, therefore showing the change in trend of purchasing and obtaining music. This is due to this new digital age operating in full force. (Appendix 11). In Europe from 2005 to 2006 alone, there was an increase in single downloads of 80%, up to 111 million single tracks downloads. In the US during the same period there was an increase of 65% up to 583 million single tracks downloads. A calculation of the entire worlds single track download was made during the same time and was shown to have increased from 420 million in 2005, to 795 million in 2006 which is an 89% change. (Appendix 12). Music charts were traditionally accounted for through sales of singles and albums, now with recent changes the Top 40 charts are now calculated including downloads. (Conducted by the Entertainment Retailers Association, (ERA)) (Appendix 11). Digital music sales increased by $0.9 billion within a year from 2005, which includes both downloads to computers and mobile phones. (Calculated to be a tenth of all music sales.) (Appendix 17). Radio has been one of the most important formats by which new music is promoted, and in recent years there have been many mergers within the radio industry. With there only being a handful of companies left covering the majority of the national network, there has been a large homogenisation of the airwaves. This has meant that it is now even more difficult for artists / bands to get their music on to radio and promote the singles and albums. (Appendix 14). 2.1.3 Social Factors The increase in social networks has lead to artists having the opportunity to get the first major breaks in the industry. The popularity of social networks has lead to there being awards for the most number of friends for artists on social networks like MySpace. (Appendix 5). Fans are given the opportunity to share their interests in music, artists / bands and send/receive pictures from concerts, interviews etc. via discussion blogs and forums. These various applications are all being recognized within the music industry leading there to be a range of awards for artists. (Appendix 5). In addition to this many fans socialize on websites such as YouTube, where various video clips are shared and commented on, therefore giving many up and coming artists with small budgets an opportunity to be made aware. (Appendix 8). The innovation of music online has lead their to be sites such as Last.fm which makes it possible to connect fans through similar music tastes which aids the awareness of artists and fan groups. (Appendix 5). The rise in social networks has lead to the phenomenon of making fans into marketers indirectly. As fans communicate and get involved with their favourite artists online offerings they are said to be in the process of online word of mouth. (Appendix 7). The changes in chart rules, allow up and coming artists to make their big break, this is through including online downloads to be which is allowing fans to have more control and influence over music. (Appendix 9). As selling CDs is no longer enough to generate revenue, many other formats have been given better consideration, such as ringtones, concerts and video games. Each of these formats plays a part in influencing social groups and fans. For example ringtones can portray a persons music taste which in turn can relate to that persons social group. Concerts are a more traditional format where fans gather in a social aspect to see their favourite artists perform. (Appendix 7). The 20th Century showed a mass growth in the music industry, which linked music with intellect and in turn with social status. With classical and jazz music being linked with those who are intellectually elite, while pop and rock seemed to be linked with the general population. As the 20th Century developed, so did music in terms of their being more variations of genres. For example in the 1970s the emergence of progressive rock. (Appendix 7). Through developments across the world, in particular with technology and communications there have been changes in the style and influence of music. With musical influences coming from African, Jamaican, Latin American and Asian music through various means of media coverage all effecting social changes. Through increases in the number of university students there has also been a huge surge within the clubbing industry. This social activity has therefore lead there to be a direct link with music. Larger clubs offer a range of music genres each in separate rooms; where as smaller clubs play certain genres of music catering to the crowds tastes. 2.1.4 Technological Factors Technology has changed dramatically in recent years and has taken the world by storm, in particular within the music industry. An example of this was the introduction of online software called Napster, which was the first P2P sharing system. The recent developments in online social networks has allowed for there to be an added communication method between record labels and their artists fans. Every EMI artist now has a MySpace page allowing fans to swap news and post stories, share their video clips taken live from their mobile handsets. (Appendix 4). Digital technology specifically has grown at alarming rates; video directors now have to create their productions so that they play well with mobile devices with 2 inch screens. (Appendix 4). There are increasing range of formats by which music sold in this new digital era, for example USB singles and mobile packages. (Appendix 4). The advance of new technology is making is easier for record company marketers to target large portions of the youth and adult markets, through mediums such as social and mobile networks. (Appendix 5). The number of mp3 player inventions has also surged in recent years with market introductions of the Apple iPod and the Sony iRiver. In this case a large majority of the music is downloaded via P2P networks. There are increasingly becoming more and more formats where music can be applied to. (Appendix 7). New technologies have influenced relationships in the music industry greatly, as artists become more independent the major record labels are loosing out, and the fans are dictating what they want from music and having more communication with artists. (Appendix 8). Music downloaded to computers, mobile phones and any other digital device are all now calculated when establishing music charts due to their large presence in this modern era. Information and communication technology has created a new platform for music. (Appendix 11 12). The digital era has largely affected the methods by which music is created and performed. It is possible to a produce a single track or album simply with using a home computer giving opportunities to thousands of artists looking for their big break, where previously they would not have been able to. Buyer Power (HIGH) Buyers power is strong therefore influencing the industry. Developments in technology and resources mean a range of choices are available by which music can be purchased by customers. Instead of just CDs, music is available online, on mobile phones and other digital devices. Rivalry/Competitive Environment (HIGH) For a long time the five major record labels have profited from economies of scale, however the digital era has affected revenues. As more artists produce under their own record companies, the market share for each company consequently falls. The industry is becoming competitive at an alarming rate. Threat of Substitutes (HIGH) The internet has provided fans and customers with opportunity to purchase music from a number of locations therefore making record companies work hard at delivering the product at the right price and formats. As technology develops so does the number locations by which music can be applied. Threat of New Entrants (MEDIUM/LOW) The internet has lead there to be lower barriers to entry, allowing artists to set up their own record companies and to sell music themselves through new online channels. If new laws were to be put in place then there could be a possibility for the large record labels to regain some control. Supplier Power (MEDIUM/LOW) Previously record labels had a large influence on an artists career. However now in this digital era artists have more control of the distribution of their music and the record labels have less control over the artist. However as record labels come with large financial resources they have the opportunity to exploit all media formats professionally. 2.2 Five Forces Model of the Music Industry (Porter, 1979) 2.3 SWOT Analysis Below is a SWOT analysis of Mystical Records showing its the present assets and offerings and all future possibilities. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Low overheads such as staff. Talented artist roster. Thallie has a good reputation in Mauritius. Good product range. Access to a larger target market with online outputs. First to initiate online concerts. The ability to sell music at low prices therefore enticing new fans to engage in Thallies music. Difficult to establish on traditional formats like primetime radio. Lack of financial resources could still hinder the process, but less so with online outputs. Lots of risk due to some lack of expertise and staff. Possibly the same media outputs as competitor record companies therefore making the market hard to become established in. OPPORTUNITIES THREATS As technology develops more opportunities to apply music. To establish a larger fan base for artist roster at a quicker rate. To make artist roster internationally recognised. New sources of revenue e.g. ringtones and video games. Sell single tracks that are performing well in local markets to major record labels to market yet receiving royalties and retaining intellectual property rights. Lots of competition, with many artists creating their own record companies. Lack of piracy control. Major record labels re-establishing market share through new innovations. New legislations could cause problems in terms of artist awareness. Consumer tastes are ever changing. 3.0 Aims Objectives When developing the objectives many were discarded taking budget and resources in to consideration. The above objectives are a good indication as to what Mystical Records could achieve once various marketing tools and strategies have been implemented. Corporate Mission / Aim To become an established company both online and offline, that solely signs, promotes and manages up and coming artists. Key Objectives To raise the bulk of revenues though the online activities. To establish up to 8 digital communications of music for each artist. To establish a range of promotional activities in order to increase awareness of the artist roster. To establish a fan base of at least 8000 people through online social networks in 12 months. 4.0 Segmentation Mystical Records is a record company that manages artists under urban music style, therefore covering music genres such as RB, Hip Hop, Dancehall and related styles. Therefore automatically segmenting the entire population to those only interested in urban music. Further segmenting is derived through geographic, demographic and psychographic variables. 4.1 Geographic Geographic Segmentation defines customers according to their location (Brassington Pettitt, 2002). As a company based in the UK the large majority of current and potential fans will be from surrounding areas. Due to the majority of media outputs being online the potential fan base extends to a global field. As Thallie has a big background in Mauritius, the population there is part of the potential fan base. 4.2 Demographic According to Brassington and Pettitt (2002), demographic segmentation tells you a little more about the customer and the customer household on measurable criteria that are largely descriptive, such as age, gender, race, income, and occupation. Music in general has been almost equally shared between genders over the last 10 years. (Appendix 15). Though urban music originates from black African Americans, our offerings are for those of all races. The large majority of the population that engages in music via the internet are those aged between 16 to 25 years old. (Appendix 5). Urban music within the American markets only consists of roughly 22% of all music, however with digital innovations giving the ability to remix music into other genres the majority of the youth to adult market are potential fans. (15 to 29 years old) (Appendix 15). This age range concentrates on those who are students to working professionals; however the music on offer is available to all, especially due to low prices. 4.3 Psychographic Psychographic bases for segmentation centre on perceptual issues. (West et al, 2006). This element of segmentation considers those who listen and live urban music. Therefore including those who listen to specific radio stations and shows, those who attend specific night club events (both clubbers DJs), those who are involved with online networks, blogs and forums, and all related fields to urban music outputs. In particular our online offerings will be directed towards internet users and online social networkers. With music videos being placed on site such as YouTube to raise awareness and let fans comment on. YouTube carries more than 100 million videos a day (Appendix 8). 5.0 Targeting Now that the market segments have been established, strategies must be put in place in order to target each segment. Due to the majority of outputs being through online mediums, it is possible to apply music to more entities with both lower costs and lower risk. There are 3 general strategies by which targeting can occur (Dibb Simkin, 1996): Mass Marketing Strategy: This is where one marketing strategy is applied to the entire market, which leads to low production costs but carries this disadvantage that all customer seek different benefits. Multi Marketing Strategy: This is where the one large market is broken down to smaller markets and all offered different marketing strategies. This method caters for all however in some circumstances can require large financial resources. Single Marketing Strategy: This strategy is sometimes known as a niche strategy, where all marketing efforts are concentrated on one particular market. This can be very risky however if successful can be profitable. For Mystical Records the most viable targeting strategy would be a mixture of both multi and mass marketing strategy. As there will be a range of media outputs used, where there will be slightly different marketing strategies for each, there will be an element of a multi marketing strategy; therefore each media output will relate to a particular segment. Other segments that will be targeted differently include offline segments, such a night clubbers, DJs, and other media outputs. However in general for online segments there will be one mass marketing strategy and for offline segments there will be a mass marketing strategy therefore making it a more effective and competitive method for such a company. 6.0 Positioning As the music industry becomes increasingly competitive, in particular with more and more artists producing music under their own record labels it is important to be established as a recognised and positive company. According to Fill (2006) all products and all organisations have a position. In terms of Mystical Records becoming recognised within the industry and having more artists to sign with us, the marketing message of being a fun and innovative company will be sung. In particular our offering of online concerts will be the main focal point. In terms of Thallie, she will be marketed as a new up and coming artist with an exotic international background, proving to have some competitive advantage over other artists in similar situations. 7.0 Product Portfolio The product portfolio consists of the distribution of music, produced and marketed in a number of formats, such as CDs, music videos, events, live stream shows and digital downloads. The record labels main feature and source of revenue is the artist roster, which currently consists of one performer called Thallie. Thallie This artist is our first signing and therefore will be given maximum attention in making her a great musician. Thallie is an up and coming artist, originally from Mauritius but now looking to tackle the international market, and is now based in the UK. She is a singer with an urban style, producing music in a range of related genes music such as RB, Hip Hop, Dancehall. Back at home she has been known as the prospering version of Shakira (a world famous artist). CDs This media format will primarily be used as a promotional tool. In order to raise awareness of Thallie and her music, CDs will be distributed to radio stations, and at all events and gigs at which Thallie will perform at. There will be a small number of CDs available to purchase as a support to revenue. Music Videos Music videos of Thallies songs will be produced in order to be placed in a number of outputs. Like CDs, these music videos will be used to promote the artist to her current and potential fan base. The music videos will be uploaded online on social networks such as YouTube, Facebook, and MySpace, therefore allowing and encouraging fans to comment and discuss the artists music and create a following. This method will also be an ideal approach to launching new single tracks and other material. The music videos will also be made available for music television and other related outputs. Events (Offline) In order to raise awareness directly to current and potential fans, there will be a number of events, ranging from concerts, night club events and press releases. This element of the product portfolio will be one of the main sources of revenue, with fans having to pay for concert tickets and night club promoters having to pay a hiring fee for Thallie. Press releases will be the support activity in terms of promotions, however will be used a method to be recognised throughout the entire music industry. Live Stream Shows (Online) In recent years there have been many changes in the music industry, and new concept that has yet to be fully utilized is online concerts. As concerts have been a major source of revenue and as the internet has been the most popular means of obtaining music, putting the two together may possibly be another method by which record labels can prosper. Therefore by hosting live regular online concerts to Thallies global online fan base at a relatively low price a new income source can be created. Digital Downloads To support the live stream shows, digital downloads will be available to purchase at a variety of online locations. Fans and others interested in music will have the opportunity to purchase single tracks, albums, and short video clips. These downloads will be made available via the artists website and P2P sharing programmes, such as iTunes. Figure 1: BCG Matrix of Mystical Records Product Portfolio Music videos, events and digital downloads have all been placed as star products, as they all to have high potential growth and high market share. Music videos and digital downloads in recent years have been increasingly popular formats by which music is distributed and acquired and is therefore seen as a profitable source of revenue. Therefore the primary objective is to maintain and hold their current status and use it as a strategy to only develop and diminish. Thallie and live stream shows have both been placed under question marks, as they both have potentially high levels of growth, however they both currently have low market share. With changes within the industry and with technology as a whole both of these products are under building strategies and are projected to become star products and features. CDs have been placed in cash cows, as they are now seen as a traditional format by which music is distributed, however they will still be used for mostly promotional campaigns with the support of some sales. There will not be any major efforts made to sell physical CDs, but will be an ongoing production in order to maintain some regular income. 8.0 Place Strategies One of the most important processes of a record label is deciding where and how to deliver the artists music to the fans and other end users. By carefully implementing solid place strategies there can be an effective method by which the online arena can make an artists career. As a small record label there are limited budgets available, and therefore any chosen method of distribution must be carried out with due diligence. For Thallie, there will be a range of direct and indirect channels of distribution in order to market and sell her singles, albums and other material. The main location for this will be via the online arena, through her website and the record labels website. However there will be a number of channel intermediaries which will also be used to distribute and sell music to the fans and customers. In support there will be promotions and distribution through offline outlets such as local record stores and at events. The model below shows the various methods of distribution, with both direct and indirect channels. Thallies website can sometimes be seen as an indirect channel; however the same method will be used for future signings, and therefore is a direct link between the record label and the end users. = Indirect = Direct MYSTICAL RECORDS FAN BASE / CUSTOMERS / END USERS Record Stores P2P Sharing Systems Social Networks Thallies Website Figure 2: Channels of distribution 9.0 Promotional Strategies The selection of promotional activities to be used by Mystical Records will be a big challenge. They must suit the companys framework and budget, as well as be executed in a timely and efficient manner in order to achieve maximum results. The promotional campaign will hopefully lead to attracting a larger fan base, increased purchases, and establishing Thallie and Mystical Records within the music industry. A promotional mix will be implemented in order to promote the various musical productions by Thallie to her current and potential fan base. The mix consists of the following elements; advertising, direct marketing, personal selling, sales promotion, and public relations, however areas such as viral marketing, sponsorship and networking can also be included. 9.1 Advertising The first element of the promotional mix is advertising, this is where paid for messages and ideas are published to the public in order to inform, remind and persuade them. In the case of Mystical Records, advertising will be used to promote Thallies musical releases both online and offline. However more focused will be placed on offline advertisements due to their being many free advertising opportunities online. As a large portion of our target audiences are the youth market, advertising on global music websites can be an effective method to both reach and inform them of new offerings and events. Though traditional media formats are decreasing in popularity there are still opportunities to advertise in magazines and newspapers about new releases. However due to financial resources being lower advertising will be selective in terms of placing and regularity. 9.2 Sales Promotions / Incentives One of the most important aspects of the use of promotional tools is the incentives used to attract fans and customers to purchase Thallies music. For new customers registering their details via Thallies website or the record labels website, they will be offered free 10 minute viewing of upcoming live online concerts. This will both engage customers in purchasing the full showing of the concert and attract their friends and family to also register. Additionally monthly draws will be held giving selected customers free viewings of entire live online concerts or the chance to win tickets to regular live concerts or other freebies. For dedicated fans there will be further incentives of receiving free signed posters and CDs or even being chosen to feature in music videos. 9.3 Direct Marketing Once fans and customers have registered their details, information can be sent on a regular basis. For example details about special offers, events and new releases can be sent out through regular monthly emails to fans and customers. Information can be sent in a customised manner, making the communications with fans more personal. Traditional formats of direct marketing can be used a support tool, however due to this method costing a lot to be effective, an eCommerce (online channels) and mCommerce (mobile channels) channels of marketing is preferred. 9.4 Personal S

Edgar Allan Poe :: English Literature Essays

Edgar Allan Poe When picking a topic for my research paper. I thought of many different ideas. I started to think about my interests is reading literature, and I decided to write about my favorite author Edgar Allan Poe. This paper is going to look at Poe from a psychological perspective. There seems to be few attempts to look at the psychological causes of humor in Poe’s work, and how his personal life may have had an impact on his writings. Many of Poe’s tales are distinguished by the author’s unique grotesque ideas in addition to his superb plots. In an article titled â€Å"Poe’s humor: A Psychological Analysis,† by Paul Lewis, he states: â€Å"Appropriately it seems to me, that to see Poe only as an elitist whose jokes could not be grasped by a general audience is to sell him short. He does not deny this elitist side of Poe; but he holds for a broader, more universal less intellectual humor that screams out from the center of Poe’s work. (532) This arti cle provides important insight to understanding the nature of the humor and its relationship to the overwhelming horror in some of Poe’s work. Lewis’ believes that humor and fear have a special relationship in Poe’s tales. Humor, taken to its limits, leads the reader to fear. He says, â€Å"Over and over, when humor fails, we are left with images of fear: the raven’s shadow, the howling cat, the putrescence corpse, or the fallen house. (535) According to Lewis, in The Black Cat and Ligeia, he argues that are first impressions of the narrators are half comic. â€Å"We are led gradually away from this humor into an expanding horror of men driven to acts of obscene cruelty. The combination with humor and horror occurs differently in Hop Frog where cruelty and joking co-mingle. (537) To agree with Lewis, I feel what happens in this tale is not just that cruel jokers are destroyed by a cruel joke but that joking itself gives good way to horror, as the cruelty of joke destroys its ability to function as a joke. The appeal of Lewis’ article about psychological insight of Poe rings true. I agree that fear and humor are linked together in Poe’s tales. I have seen it in hospitals, and at funerals, or even when humor helps pass the time during a threat of a destructive storm or when a flood threatens us.